Leukemia is a cancer of the blood cells | 白血病是血细胞的癌症

Leukemia is cancer of the blood cells. Most blood cells are formed in the bone marrow. In leukemia, immature blood cells turn into cancer. These cells don’t work the way they should, they crowd out healthy blood cells in the bone marrow. The different types of leukemia depend on the type of blood cell that becomes cancer. For example, lymphocytic leukemia is a cancer of lymphoblastoid cells (white blood cells that fight infection). White blood cells are the most common type of blood cells that become cancers. But red blood cells (the cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body) and platelets (the cells that clot blood) can also become cancerous. Leukemia is most common in adults over the age of 55, but it is also the most common cancer in children under 15. Leukemia can be acute or chronic. Acute leukemia is a fast-growing cancer that usually gets worse quickly. Chronic leukemia is a slower-growing cancer that slowly gets worse over time. Treatment and prognosis for leukemia depend on the types of blood cells affected and whether the leukemia is acute or chronic.

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Treatment in Adults

General information about adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia Key points Adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a type of cancer in which the bone marrow makes too many lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell). Leukemia can affect red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Previous chemotherapy and exposure to radiation may increase the risk of developing ALL. Signs and symptoms of ALL in adults include fever, feeling tired, and easy bruising or bleeding. Tests that look at the blood and bone marrow are used to detect (find) and diagnose ALL in adults. Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options. Adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a type of cancer in which the bone marrow makes too many lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell). Adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL; also called acute lymphoblastic leukemia) is a cancer of the blood and bone marrow. This type of cancer usually grows faster if left untreated.

Leukemia can affect red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Normally, the bone marrow makes blood stem cells (immature cells) into mature blood cells over time. Blood stem cells can become bone marrow stem cells or lymphoid stem cells. Bone marrow stem cells become one of three types of mature blood cells: Red blood cells carry oxygen and other substances to all tissues in the body. Platelets form blood clots to stop bleeding. Granulocytes (white blood cells), which fight infection and disease. Lymphoid stem cells become lymphoblasts, which are then one of three types of lymphocytes (white blood cells): B lymphocytes produce antibodies to help fight infection. T lymphocytes, which help B lymphocytes produce antibodies that help fight infection. Natural killer cells attack cancer cells and viruses.

In all, too many stem cells become lymphoblasts, B lymphocytes or T lymphocytes. These cells are also called leukemia cells. These leukemia cells do not fight infection very well. Also, as the number of leukemia cells increases in the blood and bone marrow, there is less room for healthy white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. This can lead to infection, anemia, and easy bleeding. Cancer can also spread to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). This summary is about acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adults. For information on other types of leukemia, see the following PDQ summary: Treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children. Treatment of acute myeloid leukemia in adults. Treatment of acute myeloid leukemia/other myeloid malignancies in children. Treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Chronic myelogenous leukemia treatment. Hairy cell leukemia treatment. Previous chemotherapy and exposure to radiation may increase the risk of developing ALL. Anything that increases your risk of developing a disease is called a risk factor. Having a risk factor doesn’t mean you’ll get cancer; not having a risk factor doesn’t mean you won’t get cancer. Tell your doctor if you think you may be at risk. Possible risk factors for ALL include: Being male. White. Over 70 years old. Chemotherapy or radiation therapy in the past. Exposure to high levels of radiation in the environment (such as nuclear radiation). Have certain genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome. Signs and symptoms of ALL in adults include fever, feeling tired, and easy bruising or bleeding. Early signs and symptoms of ALL can resemble the flu or other common illnesses. See your doctor if you have any of the following: Weakness or feeling tired. fever or night sweats. Easy bruising or bleeding. Petechiae (flat, precise spots under the skin, caused by bleeding). Shortness of breath. Weight loss or loss of appetite. Pain in the bones or stomach. Pain or fullness feeling under the ribs. A painless lump in the neck, armpit, stomach, or groin. There are many infections. These and other signs and symptoms can be caused by adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia or other conditions. Tests that look at the blood and bone marrow are used to detect (find) and diagnose ALL in adults. The following tests and procedures may be used: Physical exam and history: A physical exam to check for general signs of health, including checking for signs of disease, such as an infection or anything else that seems unusual. The patient’s health habits and history of past illnesses and treatments will also be taken. Complete blood count (CBC) with differential: A procedure in which a sample of blood is drawn and checked for: The number of red blood cells and platelets. The number and type of white blood cells. The amount of hemoglobin (the protein that carries oxygen) in red blood cells. A portion of the blood sample is made up of red blood cells.

Blood Chemistry Study: A procedure in which blood samples are examined to measure the amount of certain substances released into the blood by organs and tissues in the body. Abnormal (higher or lower than normal) amounts of a substance can be a sign of disease. Peripheral blood smear: A procedure that checks a blood sample for changes in the number and type of white blood cells, the number and type of white blood cells, the number of platelets, and the shape of blood cells. Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy: The bone marrow, blood, and small pieces of bone are removed by inserting a hollow needle into the hipbone or breastbone. Pathologists look at bone marrow, blood, and bone under a microscope to look for abnormal cells.

白血病是血细胞的癌症。大多数血细胞在骨髓中形成。在白血病中，未成熟的血细胞变成癌症。这些细胞不工作，他们应该的方式，他们挤出骨髓中健康的血细胞。 不同类型的白血病取决于成为癌症的血细胞的类型。例如，淋巴细胞白血病是淋巴母细胞（白细胞，其抵抗感染）的癌症。白细胞是成为癌症的最常见类型的血细胞。但是红细胞（从肺携带氧气到身体其余部分的细胞）和血小板（凝结血液的细胞）也可能变成癌症。 白血病最常见于55岁以上的成年人，但它也是15岁以下儿童中最常见的癌症。 白血病可以是急性或慢性的。急性白血病是一种快速生长的癌症，通常会迅速恶化。慢性白血病是一种生长较慢的癌症，随着时间的推移会慢慢恶化。白血病的治疗和预后取决于受影响的血细胞的类型以及白血病是急性的还是慢性的。