Epistem warns mammography, X-ray breast cancer screening is ineffective and dangerous | 爱谱思谭警告乳房攝影術X光乳腺癌筛查无效且危险

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Epistem warns mammography, X-ray breast cancer screening is ineffective and dangerous

In 2002, Dr. Samuel Epstein told the public about the dangers of breast cancer in mammogram screening. Dr. Epstein is Chair of the Cancer Prevention Alliance and Professor Emeritus of Environmental and Occupational Medicine at the University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health.

Survival rates with chemotherapy and radiation are no better now than they were when President Nixon declared war on cancer in 1972, he said. The problem with mammography mammograms is that 90% of women screened have an increased risk of breast cancer. He claimed the system was biased and that research was funded only to develop drugs for profit, not ways to prevent cancer.

Dr. Epstein warns that screening mammography is not only ineffective, but dangerous. Mammograms can increase breast cancer risk, according to Dr. Epstein’s press release.

The following is quoted in his press release.

Danish researchers have found evidence that mammography x-rays are ineffective at detecting breast cancer. These findings are widely publicized, but the well-documented dangers of mammography are rarely discussed.

– Screening mammography increases breast cancer enlargement and cumulative risk in premenopausal women. The annual screening requires four scans so that each breast is exposed to 1 rad of x-rays (radiation absorbed dose). This dose is approximately 1,000 times greater than a chest x-ray.

Premenopausal breasts are highly sensitive to radiation, increasing breast cancer risk by about 1% per 1 rad of exposure. This means that ten years of screening will increase the risk of breast cancer by 10%. Younger women were at higher risk when the baseline image was irradiated.

– Radiation is particularly dangerous for the 1% to 2% of women with the A-T (ataxia-telangiectasia) gene. For them, the radiation risk is four times higher than for other women. Breast cancer cases in these women account for an estimated 20% of breast cancer cases diagnosed each year.

– Mammography procedures are also harmful to women who already have breast cancer. Since 1928, doctors have been warned that careless handling of cancerous breasts can lead to cancer metastasis.

Prior to mammography, the breasts were severely compressed, often painfully, especially in premenopausal women. The practice, which can lead to long-distance and deadly spread of cancer cells, can destroy small blood vessels in small or undetected breast cancer masses.

– Mammography may fail to detect breast cancer in premenopausal women and postmenopausal women on estrogen replacement therapy because their dense breasts make detection difficult.

– False-negative and false-positive diagnoses of breast cancer are common. In patients with a strong family history and multiple risk factors for early menarche, ten years of screening can lead to false positive rates as high as 100%. These women are often encouraged to get annual mammograms.

– Widespread use of screening can lead to overdiagnosis of invasive cancers (ductal carcinoma in situ), leading to unnecessary and invasive treatments such as mastectomy and radiation or even chemotherapy.

Dr. Epstein cites a September 2000 report stating that monthly breast self-exams (BSE) with short training and annual clinical breast examinations (CBE) by trained nurses are at least as effective as mammographic x-rays can detect early-stage tumors without the test itself increasing cancer risk.

Ineffective and dangerous mammographic screening should be replaced by a national network of BSE and CBE clinics with trained nurses, he said. (Dr. Luk)

(For details and supporting papers, see Samuel S. Epstein, Barbara Seaman, and Rosalie Bertell, “The Dangers and Unreliability of Mammography: Breast Examination,” International Journal of Health Services, Vol. 31(3). is a safe, effective and practical choice”): 605-615, 2001.)

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爱谱思谭警告乳房攝影術X光乳腺癌筛查无效且危险

乳房X光检查除了无效之外是危险的,警告Samuel S Epstein,M.D。

2002年,塞缪尔·爱泼斯坦博士告诉公众乳房攝影術X线摄影检查(mammogram screening) 乳腺癌危险。爱泼斯坦博士是芝加哥伊利诺斯大学公共卫生学院癌症预防联盟主席和环境与职业医学荣誉教授。

他说,化疗和放射治疗的生存率现在没比1972年尼克松总统向癌症宣战时更好。 乳房攝影術X线照片检查的问题是,90%的筛查妇女会增加乳腺癌的风险。他声称这个制度是有偏见的,研究经费只是为了开发牟利药物,而不是探索预防癌症的方法。

爱泼斯坦博士警告说,乳房攝影術X线照相筛查不仅无效,而且危险。  根据爱泼斯坦博士的新闻稿,乳腺X线检查可以增加乳腺癌的风险。

他的新闻稿中引用了以下内容。

丹麦研究人员发现的证据表明,乳房攝影術X线检查在检测乳腺癌方面无效。 这些发现被广泛宣传,但是很少讨论有据可查的乳房X线照相术的危险。

– 筛查乳房X线摄影会增加绝经前妇女乳腺癌的增大和累积风险的增加。 年度筛查需要拍四个片子,这样,每只乳房暴露于1 rad的x射线(辐射吸收剂量)。 这个剂量比一张胸部X光片的剂量大约1000倍。

绝经前的乳房对辐射高度敏感,每1 rad暴露增加乳腺癌风险约1%。 这意味着十年的筛查将使乳腺癌的风险增加10%。 当照射基线图像时,年轻女性的风险更高。

– 辐射对带有A-T(ataxia-telangiectasia)基因的1%至2%的妇女来说是特别危险的。 对他们来说,辐射风险是对其他妇女的风险增加四倍。 这些妇女的乳腺癌病例估计占每年诊断出的乳腺癌病例的20%。

– 乳腺摄影检查程序对已经患有乳腺癌的妇女也有害。 自1928年以来,医生已经被警告说,不小心处理有癌性的乳腺可以导致癌症转移。

在乳房攝影術X线拍照以先,乳房受到严重压迫,经常是痛苦的压迫,特别是在绝经前妇女中。 这种做法可能导致癌细胞发生远距离和致命扩散,它可以破坏小的或未检测到的乳腺癌肿块中的小血管。

– 乳房X线摄影检查可能没能检查出绝经前妇女和绝经后进行雌激素替代治疗的妇女的乳腺癌,因为她们的乳房致密使检查有难度。

– 乳腺癌的假阴性和假阳性诊断是常见的。在中,在具有强烈家族史和早期初潮的多重危险因素的患者,十年的筛查可使得假阳性率高达100%。这些妇女常常被鼓动去接受年度乳房X光检查。

– 筛查的广泛使用可导致侵袭性癌症(原位导管癌)的过度诊断,因而导致乳腺切除术和放射线甚至化疗等不必要而侵入性的治疗。

爱泼斯坦博士引用了2000年9月的一份报告,指出经过短期培训的月度乳房自我检查(BSE)和受过训练的护士的年度临床乳房检查(CBE)至少与乳房攝影術X线检查一样有效地检测早期肿瘤,而该检查本身不会增加癌症风险。

他说,应由训练有素的护士组成的BSE和CBE诊所的全国网络替代无效且危险的乳腺X线照相筛查。(陆博士)

(有关详细信息和支持文件,请参阅Samuel S. Epstein,Barbara Seaman和Rosalie Bertell,“国际卫生服务杂志”卷31(3)中的“乳房攝影術X线照相的危险和不可靠性:乳腺检查是一种安全,有效和实用的选择” ):605-615,2001.)


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